Hydrous ruthenium oxide (RuO₂)/graphene sheet composites (ROGSCs) with different loadings of Ru are prepared by combining sol-gel and low-temperature annealing processes. The graphene sheets (GSs) are well-separated by fine RuO₂ particles (5-20 nm) and, simultaneously, the RuO₂ particles are anchored by the richly oxygen-containing functional groups of reduced, chemically exfoliated GSs onto their surface. Benefits from the combined advantages of GSs and RuO₂ in such a unique structure are that the ROGSC-based supercapacitors exhibit high specific capacitance (∼570 F g^-1 for 38.3 wt% Ru loading), enhanced rate capability, excellent electrochemical stability (∼97.9% retention after 1000 cycles), and high energy density (20.1 Wh kg^-1) at low operation rate (100 mA g^-1) or high power density (10000 W kg^-1) at a reasonable energy density (4.3 Wh kg^-1). Interestingly, the total specific capacitance of ROGSCs is higher than the sum of specific capacitances of pure GSs and pure RuO₂ in their relative ratios, which is indicative of a positive synergistic effect of GSs and RuO₂ on the improvement of electrochemical performance. These findings demonstrate the importance and great potential of graphene-based composites in the development of high-performance energy-storage systems.