The therapeutic effect of arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (AFL) was evaluated among 15 AFL patients at relapse after all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induced and chemotherapy maintained complete remission (CR). As₂O₃ was administered intravenously at the dose of 10 mg/d. Clinical CR was achieved in nine of 10 (90%) patients treated with As₂O₃ alone and in the remaining five patients treated by the combination of As₂O₃ and low-dose chemotherapeutic drugs or ATRA. During the treatment with As₂O₃, there was no bone marrow depression and only limited side effects were encountered. Pharmacokinetic studies, which were performed in eight patients, showed that after a peak level of 5.54μmol/L to 7.30μmol/L, plasma arsenic was rapidly eliminated, and the continuous administration of As₂O₃ did not alter its pharmacokinetic behaviors. In addition, increased amounts of arsenic appeared in the urine, with a daily excretion accounting for approximately 1% to 8% of the total daily dose administered. Arsenic contents in hair and nail were increased, and the peak content of arsenic could reach 2.5 to 2.7 μg/g tissue at CR. On the other hand, a decline of the arsenic content in hair and nail was observed after withdrawal of the drug. We conclude that As₂O₃ treatment is an effective and relatively safe drug in AFL patients refractory to ATRA and conventional chemotherapy.